Plaa-raa

発酵食品名（タイ語）

ปลาร้า

名称（日本語）

淡水魚塩辛発酵調味料

地域名

Plaa-daek (Northeast) Plaa-ha (North) Ra (South)

魚の学名

Crossocheilus sp. (Soi)

Cyclocheilichthys sp. (Ta-kok)

Labiobarbus leptocheilus (Soi)

Channa striatus (Chorn)

Puntius gonionotus (Ta-pian)

Trichogaster sp. (Kra-dee)

材料分類

Fishery

材料

淡水魚、特に脂肪が少ない無選別の魚、塩。挽米：煎った米/籾、あるいは煎ってない/煎った米糠。

発酵期間

6～10ヶ月。

保存期間

発酵期間、および密栓状態や時折の混合（瓶の上下を入れ替える）などの適切な管理により、6ヶ月～3年。

微生物

Bacillus subtilis

参考文献	The traditional fermented foods of Thailand
ISBN	9679932249
発行年	1995

Micrococcus sp.

参考文献	The traditional fermented foods of Thailand
ISBN	9679932249
発行年	1995

Staphylococcus epidermidis

参考文献	The traditional fermented foods of Thailand
ISBN	9679932249
発行年	1995

Pediococcus sp.

参考文献	The traditional fermented foods of Thailand
ISBN	9679932249
発行年	1995

Staphylococcus sp.

参考文献	The traditional fermented foods of Thailand
ISBN	9679932249
発行年	1995

Tetragenococcus halophilus

参考文献	Culture-independent bacterial community analysis of the salty-fermented fish paste products of Thailand and Laos
DOI	10.12938/bmfh.2014-018
発行年	2015

Tetragenococcus muriaticus

参考文献	Culture-independent bacterial community analysis of the salty-fermented fish paste products of Thailand and Laos
DOI	10.12938/bmfh.2014-018
発行年	2015

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus farciminis

参考文献	Lactic acid bacteria found in fermented fish in Thailand.
DOI	10.2323/jgam.44.193
発行年	1998

Lactobacillus pentosus

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus sp.

参考文献	Lactic acid bacteria found in fermented fish in Thailand.
DOI	10.2323/jgam.44.193
発行年	1998

Acinetobacter soli

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Alistipes shahii

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Alkalibacillus salilacus

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Anaerostipes hadrus

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Bacillus licheniformis

参考文献	The traditional fermented foods of Thailand
ISBN	9679932249
発行年	1995

Bacteroides coprophilus

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Bacteroides pyogenes

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Bacteroides uniformis

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Bacteroides vulgatus

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Bdellovtbrio sp.

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Bifidobacterium bifidum

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Brochothrix thermosphacta

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Butyricimonas virosa

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Clostridiisalibacter paucivorans

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Clostridium butyricum

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Clostridium haemolyticum

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Clostridium peitringens

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Clostridium sp.

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Clostridium tyrobutyricum

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Comamonas kerstersii

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Desulfovibrio piger

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Dietzia natronolimnaea

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Enterococcus faecalis

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Enterococcus faecium

参考文献	Purification and Characterization of Multiple Bacteriocins and an Inducing Peptide Produced by Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3 from Thai Fermented Fish
DOI	10.1271/bbb.110972
発行年	2012

Exiguobacterium sp.

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Fusobacterium mortiferum

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Gracilibacillus thailandensis sp. nov.

参考文献	Gracilibacillus thailandensis sp. nov., from fermented fish (pla-ra)
DOI	10.1099/ijs.0.011981-0
発行年	2010

Halanaerobium fermentans

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Halobacterium piscisalsi sp. nov.

参考文献	Halobacterium piscisalsi sp. nov., from fermented fish (pla-ra) in Thailand
DOI	10.1099/ijs.0.65592-0
発行年	2008

Halomonas alimentaria

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Halomonas halmophila

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Helicobacter pylori

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Idiomarina piscisalsi sp. nov.

参考文献	Idiomarina piscisalsi sp. nov., from fermented fish (pla-ra) in Thailand
DOI	10.2323/jgam.59.385
発行年	2013

Ignatzschineria ureiclastica

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lachnospiraceae bacterium

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus acetotolerans

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus acidipiscis

参考文献	Culture-independent bacterial community analysis of the salty-fermented fish paste products of Thailand and Laos
DOI	10.12938/bmfh.2014-018
発行年	2015

参考文献	Lactobacillus acidipiscis sp. nov. and Weissella thailandensis sp. nov., isolated from fermented fish in Thailand.
DOI	10.1099/00207713-50-4-1479
発行年	2000

Lactobacillus acidipiscis sp. nov.

参考文献	Lactobacillus acidipiscis sp. nov. and Weissella thailandensis sp. nov., isolated from fermented fish in Thailand.
DOI	10.1099/00207713-50-4-1479
発行年	2000

Lactobacillus acidtpiscis

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus amylovorus

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus casei

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus crustorum

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus mucosae

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus rennini

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus reuteri

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactobacillus sakei

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lactococcus raffinolactis

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lentibacillus halophilus

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Lentibacillus juripiscarius

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Leuconostoc sp.

参考文献	Lactic acid bacteria found in fermented fish in Thailand.
DOI	10.2323/jgam.44.193
発行年	1998

Macrococcus caseolyticus

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Marinobacterium coralli

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Moraxella osloensis

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Oscillibacter sp.

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Parabacteroides distasonis

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Piscibacillus salipiscarius gen. nov.

参考文献	Piscibacillus salipiscarius gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from fermented fish (pla-ra) in Thailand
DOI	10.1099/ijs.0.64945-0
発行年	2007

Prevotella melaninogenica

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Pseudomonas gessardii

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Pseudomonas japonica

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Pseudomonas sp.

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Psychrobacter cibarius

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Psychrobacter maritimus

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Rhizobium larrymoorei

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Rhodococcus fascians

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Roseburia inulinivorans

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Ruminococcus sp.

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Salimicrobium jeotgali

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Salinivibrio siamensis sp. nov.

参考文献	Salinivibrio siamensis sp. nov., from fermented fish (pla-ra) in Thailand
DOI	10.1099/ijs.0.001768-0
発行年	2009

Shewanella baltica

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Shewanella xiamenensis

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Staphylococcus hominis

参考文献	Identification of the Nukacin KQU-131, a New Type-A(II) Lantibiotic Produced by Staphylococcus hominis KQU-131 Isolated from Thai Fermented Fish Product (Pla-ra)
DOI	10.1271/bbb.80239
発行年	2008

Staphylococcus nepalensis

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Subdoligranulum

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Vibrio fluvialis

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Vibrio sp.

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Virgibacillus alimentarius

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Virgibacillus siamensis sp. nov.

参考文献	Identification of moderately halophilic bacteria from Thai fermented fish (pla-ra) and proposal of Virgibacillus siamensis sp. nov.
DOI	10.2323/jgam.56.369
発行年	2010

Weissella confusa

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Weissella paramesenteroides

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

Weissella thailandensis sp. nov.

参考文献	Lactobacillus acidipiscis sp. nov. and Weissella thailandensis sp. nov., isolated from fermented fish in Thailand.
DOI	10.1099/00207713-50-4-1479
発行年	2000

Xanthomonas albilineans

参考文献	Investigating the microbiota of fermented fish products (Pla-ra) from different communities of northeastern Thailand
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0245227
発行年	2021

特徴

塩辛く、少し酸味があり、強く特徴的な風味がある。調理中の匂いも強い。色は黄褐色から暗褐色で、使用する魚、材料、調理法によって異なる。発酵中も魚の形は保たれるが、身は柔らかく、煮ると溶けてしまう。

製法

1. 魚を下ろして内臓を取り、洗って水気を切る。 2. 塩を3～5：1の割合で加える。基準はなく、量は生産者によって異なる。塩分が少ないと発酵が早く、すぐに消費できるが、匂いが強い。塩分濃度が高いほど、発酵時間と保存期間が長くなり、味と香りが良くなる。大きい魚は4：1、小さい魚は5：1の割合で塩と混ぜるのが一般的。この段階で、1日から3ヶ月の一次発酵期間がとられる。長期の場合は、頸の細い土器壺に魚を隙間なく詰め、塩を加えて蓋をする。発酵中に身から液体が出てくるが、魚はこの液体に浸けておかなければならないため、魚の上から竹ひごを編んだものでしっかり押さえる。その後、ハエから魚を守るために瓶に蓋をするが、余分な液体は溢れるようにする必要がある。瓶は通常、日陰に置いておく。3. 通常の米、もち米、籾のいずれかをフライパンで煎る。必要であれば、これらの穀物をあらかじめ8～10時間浸しておいてもよい。穀物がこげ茶色になったら粗挽きにする。東北部では、代わりに米ぬか（煎ったものあるいは煎っていないもの）を使うことが多く、主に小魚が使われる。 すべての材料が本製品に特徴的な風味と色を与える。これらは塩と反応して特徴的な風味を生み、発酵微生物の炭水化物源となる。 魚と煎った米を、穀物の場合は10：1、糠の場合は5：1の割合で混ぜ、土器壺に詰めて蓋をし、少なくとも6ヶ月間発酵させる。最終製品には生臭さはなく、プラーラー（Plaa-raa）独特の風味があるはずである。

消費形態

プラーラーを使った料理には、刻んだエシャロット、レモングラス、唐辛子などを混ぜたものがある。これは野菜やご飯のお供として食される。調理する場合は、炒めたり、スパイスと一緒に煮込んでスープにする。また、バナナの葉に包んで焼く。