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Pick Up367. Climate Change Policies Should Focus on the Social Cost of Carbon
As countries around the world work to develop policies to address climate change, guidance on the economic valuation of greenhouse gas emissions will be important in determining the scale of climate change action. In the August 20 issue of Science on the social cost of carbon (SCC) for climate policy, Joseph E. Aldy of Harvard University and colleagues argue that climate change measures should explicitly incorporate the benefits of avoiding climate change damage.
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Pick Up366. Investing in Resilient Food Systems in the Most Vulnerable Regions
In August 2021, Nature Food published an article on the critical need to invest in resilient food systems, especially in the most vulnerable regions. Reversing the growing food security crisis will require deliberate targeting of vulnerable areas and a shift to equitable, sustainable and healthy food systems.
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Pick Up365. Integrated rice and beef production systems are effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions － Assessing the environmental impact in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam －
JIRCAS, in collaboration with the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), the University of Miyazaki, and Can Tho University in Vietnam, conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of separated rice and beef production systems and an integrated system in the Mekong Delta. It was found that the rice-beef-biogas can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption, and also reduce the potential for eutrophication.
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Pick Up364. Towards the UN Food Systems Summit
The United Nations Food Systems Summit will be held in New York City on September 23, 2021 in parallel with the United Nations General Assembly, where international discussions on the food system will be held. To help you understand the agenda of the UN Food Systems Summit, here is a list of Pick Up articles on issues surrounding the food system transformation theory and global issues affecting the food system for your review. -
Pick Up363. Predicting Growth Environments from Tree Leaf Morphology 一 Towards Predicting the Impacts of Climate Change
Tropical forests are known to be hotspots of tree diversity on earth, and it is known that the species found vary greatly depending on soil, elevation, and other factors. However, the morphology and function of tree species that would appear in which environment has not been well understood. Research conducted at Mount Kinabalu (4,095 m above sea level) in Borneo, the highest mountain in Southeast Asia, with the University of Sabah, Malaysia, suggests that trees maximize the period of time during which they can photosynthesize in response to multiple environmental stresses such as low temperature, high humidity, and strong winds at high altitudes by developing robust leaves. For this research, Dr. Kawai received the 25th Kira Award of the Japan Society of Tropical Ecology.
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Pick Up362. Climate Change Tipping Point
On August 20, it was reported that rainfall was observed on the top of an iceberg in Greenland from August 14-16 for the first time since observations began in 1950. In the climate change debate, it is said that the Earth is reaching a tipping point where anthropogenic activities are causing massive changes that are increasingly irreversible. -
Pick Up361. Development of Environment-friendly Management System Against Transboundary Plant Pests Based on Ecological Characteristics
In recent years, damage to crops caused by transboundary insect pests has been increasing. In order to control the damage caused by transboundary pests, it is necessary to establish an international cooperative system that includes developing regions. The “Transboundary pest management” project aims to develop environment-friendly control technologies for transboundary pests, which have become a major problem worldwide, in collaboration with research institutes located in countries where transboundary pests occur. In addition, we will present economic evaluation models that will serve as a guideline for the development of efficient integrated pest management technologies in preparation for the emergence of new transboundary pests.
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Pick Up360. Public Opinion Survey on the Need to Protect the Global Commons
In recent years, as anthropogenic economic activities have brought about irreversible crises such as global climate change and environmental destruction, the need for rules and consensus building to sustainably use, manage, and maintain the global commons has been recognized. In August 2021, the Global Commons Alliance released the results of a public opinion survey on the current state of global commons in the G20 countries. Among the key findings, 73% of people believe that the earth is reaching a tipping point due to human activities, and 83% express willingness to protect and restore the global commons. -
Pick Up359. Q&A on the Launch Event of the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook
At the “Launch Event of the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook” held on July 14, 2021 (Pick Up 341), several webinar attendees posted questions addressed to the main speakers, Mr. Holger Matthey, FAO Senior Economist and Dr. Hubertus Gay, OECD Senior Agricultural Policy Analyst at the OECD, as well as to the commentators, Mr. Gen FURUHASHI, Senior Economist at the PRIMAFF, and Dr. Jun FURUYA, Director of the Social Sciences Division of JIRCAS. Here are the questions and corresponding responses from the speakers and commentators. -
Pick Up358. Development of Comprehensive Agricultural Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaption in Monsoon Asia
Agriculture is a major contributor to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and is also a heavily impacted economic sector. There is a need to develop and disseminate mitigation technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, as well as adaptation technologies to cope with extreme weather events such as droughts that are becoming more frequent with climate change. On the other hand, there is no ‘one-size-fits-all-solution’ for building sustainable agricultural production that is resilient to climate change, and it is extremely important to take into account the particularities of agricultural production in each country and region. In the project “Development of comprehensive agricultural technologies for climate change mitigation and adaption in Monsoon Asia”, we will develop and implement integrated climate change mitigation and adaptation technologies that will lead to behavioral change among farmers and contribute to the goals of the target countries in the Asian monsoon region. -
Pick Up357. July 2021 is the Hottest Month on Record
On August 13, 2021, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported that July 2021 was the hottest month on record since records began 142 years ago. As the IPCC report released last week on August 9 mentions, this confirms the acceleration of climate change caused by anthropogenic activities.
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Pick Up356. Causal Relationship Between Extreme Weather and Climate Change
Extreme phenomena such as heat waves, forest fires and floods in the northern hemisphere were reported from June to July 2021, and even in August, a record-breaking rainfall is predicted in Europe and Japan. Recent progress in climate science has made it possible to elucidate the causal relationship between extreme events and climate change within a few weeks of their occurrence. -
Pick Up355. International Youth Day
International Youth Day (IYD) is a day of celebration established by the United Nations. This year's theme is “Transforming Food Systems: Youth Innovation for Human and Planetary Health” and the young generation is expected to play an important role in building a sustainable society. -
Pick Up354. When Soil Changes, Fertilizer Effectiveness Also Changes ― Towards Fine-tuning of Fertilizer Management―
In rice paddy fields in the tropics, where productivity is low due to nutrient-poor soils, it is desirable to increase crop yields by applying fertilizer. However, fertilizer is an expensive commodity so local farmers hesitate to apply fertilizer unless they can expect a reliable increase in crop yield. JIRCAS has clarified that it is possible to estimate the amount of increase in rice production when fertilizer is applied based on the property of paddy soils in Madagascar, and has also developed a method to easily measure the soil property. These results are expected to contribute to the realization of a fine-tuned fertilizer management based on soil properties and to the improvement of agricultural productivity.
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Pick Up353. Climate Change is Accelerating and Increasing in Intensity －IPCC Report
On August 9, 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) and Working Group I Report (WG1) on the physical science basis of climate change was released. The report states that many of the anomalies observed in recent years have been unprecedented for at least the past 2000 years, and that there is no doubt that greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic activities are the cause of the temperature increase. The report also warns that within the next 20 years, we will exceed the Paris Agreement target of limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C. -
Pick Up352. The Future of Biodiversity: A Guide for Global Action by 2030
On July 12, 2021, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Secretariat released a draft of the Global Biodiversity Framework. The framework includes 21 targets for 2030 and provides guidelines for the world to take action. -
Pick Up351. Strengthening function as an international hub for providing strategic information on agriculture, forestry and fisheries, and mobilizing new research partnerships 〜 Information Program
Today, the global food system is constantly exposed to global crises including climate change and pandemics. At the same time, the global food system is one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss and climate change, while failing to provide healthy diets universally with double or triple burdens of hunger, i.e., malnutrition and obesity. Science, technology and innovation are urgently needed to build sustainable good systems serving both human and planetary health. The ‘Information Program’ aims to collect and analyze information, and address the challenges affecting the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector and the global food systems from various perspectives, and to provide strategic and evidence-based information on potential solutions.
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Pick Up350. JIRCAS Efforts to Establish a New Food System〜Food Program
JIRCAS has started a five-year "Food Program" in April 2021 to promote the development of technologies to improve productivity, sustainability and resilience with the aim of building a new food system. This program contributes to stable food production, international food supply and demand, and food and nutrition security in the target areas through the development of technologies that meet the needs of the diversifying food systems in developing regions. -
Pick Up349. Technology development for climate change measures, resource recycling and environmental protection〜The Environment Program
The Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) is working with national agricultural research institutes and other organizations in developing countries of tropical areas through cooperation, to develop technologies needed by small-scale farmers who are exposed to the effects of climate change. In addition, as part of the Green Food System Strategy, which is the culmination of Japan's science and technology innovation, a model for initiatives in the Asian monsoon region, we are promoting international joint research with countries in the region.
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Pick Up348. Discovery of Maize Compounds that Improve the Earth's Nitrogen Cycle
Modern agriculture is sustained by high inputs of nitrogen fertilizer. On the other hand, crops grown in the field, such as maize, cannot utilize more than 50% of the applied nitrogen fertilizer, and the unused nitrogen fertilizer flows out of the farmland. Most of this wastage is caused by nitrification by soil microorganisms. JIRCAS aims to reduce nitrogen loss from farmland by utilizing the BNI (biological nitrification inhibition) compounds produced in the roots of crops. This time, our research group searched for BNI compounds in maize roots and discovered four compounds, including one new highly active compound, zeanone. With the identification of these four compounds, JIRCAS will proceed with the construction of a new agricultural system.