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      "dc:title": [
        {
          "@value": "稲わら堆肥連用はメコンデルタ水田に増収をもたらし、炭素隔離に貢献する",
          "@language": "ja"
        },
        {
          "@value": "Continuous application of rice straw compost increases rice yield and contributes to carbon sequestration in paddy fields in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam",
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      "dc:abstract": [
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          "@value": "ベトナム・メコンデルタの水田における長期連用試験より、ヘクタールあたり6 tの稲わら堆肥の施用は、無施用に比べ、水稲収量を乾期作で0.75～0.87 t、雨期作で0.91～0.96 t高め、土壌炭素量を年間356～401 kg ha-1 year-1増加させる。\n",
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          "@value": "The Mekong Delta in Vietnam is the largest rice-producing region in Southeast Asia, contributing more than 20 million tons of rice annually. At present, many farmers in the Mekong Delta simply burn the rice straw in the field, incorporate it into the field after harvest, or ship a part of rice straw for mushroom cultivation. Continuous burning or removing of rice straw from the field may decrease soil organic matter content. Worse, the intensification of land use, combined with a reduced supply of nutrient-laden sediments caused by improved control of floodwater from the Mekong River, may exacerbate the decrease in soil fertility. We cultivated rice 31 times at twice a year (i.e., the dry season crop and the wet season crop) from 2000 to 2015, and evaluated the effects of continuous application of rice straw compost (RSC) on rice yield and total carbon in soil. \n\nWe applied RSC (6 Mg ha-1 as fresh weight for each crop) and several doses of chemical fertilizer to clarify their effects on rice yields and soil properties. We calculated the yields of treatments where RSC and moderate doses of chemical fertilizer (40% and 60% to a conventional dose) relative to those of the conventionally fertilized plots (i.e., with no added RSC) and analyzed their annual trends. The relative yields gradually increased from 2000 to 2010 (Fig. 1). The rice yields of the treatments where we applied RSC and moderate doses of chemical fertilizer (40% and 60% to a conventional dose) were 0.87 and 0.75 Mg ha-1 higher than that of the conventionally fertilized plots for the dry season, respectively, and 0.91 and 0.96 Mg ha-1 higher for the wet season in average from 2011 to 2015 (Fig. 2). Available silicon in soil samples from the surface layer (0-10 cm) in treatments with RSC was 10.4 mg kg-1 higher on average than that in treatments without RSC (Fig. 3). It seems that the increase of available silicon caused by RSC application contributed to the higher yields. Moreover, RSC application used in combination with moderate doses of chemical fertilizer increased total carbon in the soil at a rate of 356 to 401 kg C ha-1 year-1 (Fig. 4), indicating that tropical paddy fields can contribute to carbon sequestration.\n\nThe results indicate that continuous application of RSC increases rice yield in paddy fields in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam and that tropical paddy soil can contribute to the mitigation of global climate change by carbon sequestration. It is expected that our data will be harnessed by agricultural sectors and/or environmental sectors of the governments of Vietnam and other tropical Asian countries. Regarding the carbon sequestration function of tropical paddy soil, data from other tropical paddy fields needs to be incorporated. Although our RSC is fully fermented with low C/N ratio (less than 17.2), enhanced methane emission accompanied by organic matter input in paddy fields should be considered. Siliceous fertilizer can be an alternative to RSC because it also increases available silicon. However, we need to conduct a cost-benefit analysis to examine its feasibility.\n",
          "@language": "en"
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      "dc:subject": [
        {
          "@value": "長期連用試験",
          "@language": "ja"
        },
        {
          "@value": " 稲わら堆肥",
          "@language": "ja"
        },
        {
          "@value": " 水田肥沃度",
          "@language": "ja"
        },
        {
          "@value": " 土壌炭素隔離",
          "@language": "ja"
        },
        {
          "@value": " 可給態ケイ酸",
          "@language": "ja"
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          "@value": "",
          "@language": "en"
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          "dc:title": "成果の活用面・留意点",
          "dc:description": {
            "@value": "メコンデルタ水田にて稲わら堆肥施用が水稲収量を向上させること、また熱帯水田土壌が炭素隔離を通じ気候変動を緩和できることを示しており、気候変動に関する国際連合枠組条約のCOP21で議長国により提案され日本も関与している「４‰イニシアティブ」に貢献しうる。\nベトナム他、熱帯アジア諸国の政府機関の農業部局、環境政策部局での活用が期待される。\nC/N比の低い完熟稲わら堆肥を施用しているが、水田への有機物投入に際してはメタン排出について留意する必要がある。また、水田土壌を含めた熱帯耕地土壌の炭素隔離に関し、他の地域の有機物長期連用試験の結果も参照する必要がある。\n可給態ケイ酸量は、ケイ酸肥料の施用によっても改善できるが、費用の検討が必要である。\n",
            "@language": "ja"
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        },
        {
          "dc:title": "背景・ねらい",
          "dc:description": {
            "@value": "ベトナム・メコンデルタは年間2千万t以上の米を産出する東南アジア最大の穀倉地帯である。農家は収穫後、稲わらを持ち出すか焼却しており、これは、ベトナム北部の紅河デルタと異なり、土壌有機物や養分供給能が高いため、水田への有機物施用の必要性が認識されなかったことによる。ところが、近年の堤防整備などで洪水がもたらす養分供給量が低下する一方、年間2作または3作という集約的な水稲作付により、水田の土壌肥沃度の低下が危惧されている。稲わらは現地の有機物資源として有用であるが、稲わらの農地還元が水稲生産及び土壌肥沃度に及ぼす長期的な影響は十分に解明されていない。そこで2000年から2015年まで、16年間31作の連用試験を行い、水稲収量と土壌養分ならびに土壌炭素含有率への影響を定量的に解明する。",
            "@language": "ja"
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        },
        {
          "dc:title": "成果の内容・特徴",
          "dc:description": {
            "@value": "ベトナム・メコンデルタの試験圃場で、6週間発酵させた稲わら堆肥6 t ha-1施用の有無と化成肥料の施肥量を変えた処理を組み合わせた連用試験を2000年から開始し、水稲を毎年2作（雨期作及び乾期作）栽培する。稲わらを農地還元しない慣行区に対する稲わら堆肥を連用した区の相対収量は、試験開始当初は差が無いが、2010年まで10年間経年的に増加する（図1）。\n\t稲わら堆肥を連用した区と無施用を続けた区の収量を、連用効果が頭打ちとなった2011年以降で比較すると、慣行に対して40％～60％の化成肥料と稲わら堆肥を組み合わせて連用した区の収量は、化成肥料のみを施用した区より乾期作で各々0.87、0.75 t ha-1、雨期作で0.91、0.96 t ha-1高い（図2）。\n\t表層土壌（0～10 cm）中の可給態ケイ酸量は、稲わら堆肥連用区で無施用区より平均で10.4 mg kg-1 高い（図3）。稲わら堆肥によるケイ酸量の増加が増収効果に寄与していると考えられる。\n\t慣行に対して40％、60％の化成肥料と稲わら堆肥を組み合わせて連用した水田で表層10 cmの土壌中の全炭素量が平均して各々401及び356 kg ha-1 year-1増加しており、熱帯の水田土壌も有機物施用により炭素隔離に貢献できる（図4）。\n\t \n",
            "@language": "ja"
          }
        },
        {
          "dc:title": "具体的データ",
          "dc:description": [
            {
              "@value": [
                "<div class=\"small\"><strong><img class=\"media-element file-full\" data-delta=\"1\" data-fid=\"31845\" data-media-element=\"1\" src=\"https://www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/2017_A01_fig01_ja.jpg\" style=\"height: 50%; width: 50%;\" typeof=\"foaf:Image\" /><br />\n図1 稲わらを還元しない慣行区に対する稲わら堆肥連用試験区の相対収量の推移</strong><br />\n（注1）バーは標準偏差（3反復）を示す。<br />\n（注2）慣行施肥区の化成肥料施用量は、N-P₂O₅-K₂Oとして雨期作で80-30-30、乾期作で100-30-30（kg ha^-1）。慣行では稲わら堆肥を施用しない。</div>\n",
                "<div class=\"small\"><strong><img class=\"media-element file-full\" data-delta=\"2\" data-fid=\"31846\" data-media-element=\"1\" src=\"https://www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/2017_A01_fig02_ja.jpg\" style=\"height: 50%; width: 50%;\" typeof=\"foaf:Image\" /><br />\n図2 試験圃場の1作当たり水稲籾収量（2011～2015年雨期と乾期各々5作分の平均）</strong><br />\n（注1）慣行の化成肥料施用量は、N-P₂O₅-K₂Oとして雨期作で80-30-30、乾期作で100-30-30（kg ha^-1）。慣行では稲わら堆肥を施用しない。<br />\n（注2）バーは標準誤差を示す。</div>\n",
                "<div class=\"small\"><strong><img class=\"media-element file-full\" data-delta=\"3\" data-fid=\"31847\" data-media-element=\"1\" src=\"https://www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/2017_A01_fig03_ja.jpg\" style=\"height: 50%; width: 50%;\" typeof=\"foaf:Image\" /><br />\n図3 試験開始から25作後の土壌（表層0-10cm）中の可給態ケイ酸</strong><br />\n（注1）同じアルファベットが記載されていない収量は有意差有り（Tukey法　p &lt; 0.05）<br />\n（注2）稲わら堆肥連用（3処理区）と無施用（4処理区）の平均の差は10.4 mg kg^-1。</div>\n",
                "<div class=\"small\"><strong><img class=\"media-element file-full\" data-delta=\"4\" data-fid=\"31848\" data-media-element=\"1\" src=\"https://www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/2017_A01_fig04_ja.jpg\" style=\"height: 50%; width: 50%;\" typeof=\"foaf:Image\" />図4 土壌（表層0-10cm）中全炭素の経年変化</strong><br />\n（注1）化成肥料を慣行に対して40％、60％と堆肥を連用した処理区の回帰直線の傾きは有意に０より大きい（p &lt; 0.01）。これらの傾きと土壌の仮比重より計算した変化量はそれぞれ401、356 kg ha^-1 year^-1である。</div>\n"
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              "@value": "Fig. 1. Annual changes in relative yields.\nBars mean standard deviation (n=3), Relative yield (%) = Yield of treatment / Yield of conventional treatment x 100, For the conventional treatment, chemical fertilizer was applied (as N-P2O5-K2O) without RSC at 80-30-30 （kg ha-1）in the wet season and 100-30-30 （kg ha-1）in the dry season.\n,Fig. 2. Average yields for 5 crops (2011 to 2015).\nBars mean standard error (n=3), For the conventional treatment, chemical fertilizer was applied (as N-P2O5-K2O) without RSC at 80-30-30 （kg ha-1）in the wet season and 100-30-30 （kg ha-1）in the dry season.\n, Fig. 3. Available silicon in the soil (0–10 cm) in the experimental paddy field following 25 seasons of rice cropping.\nData with the same letter does not differ significantly (Tukey p",
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        "dc:title": "Combined Effects of the Continual Application of Composted Rice Straw and Chemical Fertilizer on Rice Yield under a Double Rice Cropping System in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam"
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