China’s maize productivity and fertilizer consumption both have significant impact on global markets, and must be clarified through macro-level studies of Chinese maize yields. As such, this study used a crop response model to estimate the effects of fertilizer nutrients, seed input per unit area, and climate factors on maize yield. The results suggest that phosphorus and potassium inputs significantly affect maize yield, especially in major maize-producing areas. This study also confirmed the relationship between lower seed input per unit area and a higher yield.